Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes are at the heart of modern water purification systems. They operate using a semi-permeable membrane that allows water molecules to pass through while blocking impurities like salts, bacteria, and contaminants. The process works by applying pressure to water, forcing it through the membrane against its natural flow. This separates clean water from dissolved solids and other impurities. The membrane’s microscopic pores, typically around 0.0001 microns, ensure that only water molecules pass through, leaving contaminants behind in the reject stream. This efficient filtration process is widely used for drinking water, industrial applications, and desalination.